TOULOUSE, FRANCE—According to a BBC News report, the discovery of a fragment of a modern human child’s tooth in a cave in France’s Rhone Valley suggests that Homo sapiens lived in the area some 54,000 years ago, or about 12,000 years earlier than previously thought. Ludovic Slimak of the University of Toulouse and his colleagues explained that the evidence in the cave reflects an ebb and flow of occupation by modern humans and Neanderthals, and allows for about 10,000 years for the two species of humans to interact with each other. First, Neanderthals inhabited the cave for about 20,000 years before the modern humans arrived and lived there for about 2,000 years. Stone tools of a type not associated with Neanderthals were found in the same layer as the child’s tooth. Similar tools have been found in the Rhone Valley and in Lebanon, but researchers had not been able to identify which species of human had made them. The cave was then unoccupied for a time before the Neanderthals returned and stayed for several thousand years. Modern humans eventually returned to the site about 44,000 years ago. Neanderthals are thought to have gone extinct about 40,000 years ago. Read the original scholarly article about this research in Science Advances. For more recent research on Neanderthals, go to "Neanderthal Hearing."